Wood On Boat Interiors

1920 Battle of Warsaw Warsaw in 1920, the Bolsheviks retreated.

1920 Battle of Warsaw Warsaw in 1920, the Bolsheviks retreated.


part1



How we saved Europe






After decades of concealment and misstatements concerning the Polish-Soviet war in the years 1919-1920 gradually reveals more and more complete truth about this so important for our history and the history of the war in Europe. We are still among the many readers will remain insufficient knowledge of fragments of the history of this war. Relatively much has been written about the conduct of military operations.

dispels the lies primarily PRL propaganda implying that the Polish-Soviet war only started in the spring of 1920 years since the alleged "Polish aggression" - "Pilsudski trip to Kiev." In fact, the fight against the Bolsheviks, began in the beginning of 1919 from the clashes with the invading Poles and marching to the west of the Red Army units. Bolshevik troops defeated the Polish self-defense in the region and Lida Swieciany and January 5, 1919, Polish troops have to withdraw from Vilnius on a three-day battle with the Bolsheviks. After fighting took place with varying degrees of success, and the same impact on Kiev Pilsudski was only an attempt to notice carefully prepared the Soviet invasion of Poland, which was - according to Soviet plans - launched in July 1920. And then spring and summer of 1920 took place the decisive battle of the fate of Polish in this war, solved the famous Battle of Warsaw, called Miracle on the Vistula River.

In this essay I would like to mention matters much less accented in the media, and how important, from a huge national role in the groundbreaking fusion of forces for the Polish August, 1920. Demonstrated the dedication of the entire Polish nation has shown how much he has matured to the regained independence, how much he was ready to sacrifice all for her strength. Most importantly, during this period we could count on both the simple power of the spirit of millions of Poles and truly worthy of preservation on the part of elites, as military and civilian. Here I would like to strongly highlight the still too little resemblance to the role of the Polish clergy in the struggle to save the Republic in July and August 1920. Another important theme of my essay is to draw attention to the still too little appreciated the international repercussions of the Polish victory at the Battle of Warsaw and its role in saving Europe from Bolshevism.




Church against the Bolshevik onslaught

could be very long to enumerate the manifestations of dedicated instances of the various strata of Polish society in defense of the homeland at risk. For reasons of volume shall confine myself here to a more detailed outline is still too little-known attitude of the clergy in the most difficult days of year 1920. How eloquent certificate of unlimited engagement in the nation list were the many bishops of July and August 1920, the Nation of appealing to an increased defense effort, and to the Holy Father and the bishops of the world of understanding for the Polish held in mortal danger, for help and rescue. In a letter to Pope Benedict XV, of 7 July 1920 the bishops asked include: "Holy Father, in this difficult time we ask you to pray for our homeland. Pray that we will not give in and with God's help, hid your chest wall the world from imminent danger to him. " In the same sent July 7, 1920 his letter to Polish bishops, the bishops emphasized, inter alia: "Poland in the procession to the world of Bolshevism is the last barrier for him, and if it is broke, it spread to the world the waves of destruction." Hierarchs warned Europe and the world blind to the size of the Bolshevik threat. The bitterly wrote, "I have not faded echoes and cries that Bolshevism threatens the peace of the world gained brutally that he is a plague, from which all life dies (...).

not yet faded these passwords, solemnly called on the government and the mouth diplomacy, to behold Europe słaniać starts at the feet of his implacable enemy (...). When his spirit been branded as pernicious leaven of the world, is today calling that for corn and trade must absolve the conscience of his allegedly excessive sensitivity (...). When nations so recently forwarded their troops and ammunition to defeat Bolshevism, it is still cold eyes seem to look like a bloody wrestling wallows in Poland, and sometimes one gets the impression, as if some of the country, urban blight isolate ourselves the east by Poland and the strongest, would do the trick it, however, see the small and weak. "
In
sent a also 7 July 1920 letter to the bishops urged the nation to unite all anti-Soviet Poles for Nawal, writing, among others: "(...) This enemy has gathered all its strength, in order to fence in our borders, our brave army wiped off and pick Poland re przecenny treasure their freedom. The enemy is all the more dangerous, because combines cruelty and thirst for destruction of all the hate culture, especially Christianity and the Church (...), peculiar hatred burned it to a Polish. Because when some power last out of their original roads, to contain the enemy of the contract, his oblivious of danger, Poland relied on a pokuśnym wołaniom this enemy, and stood like a wall to his admission to each of the fence in Western Europe. So that is the enemy sworn to its destruction and revenge. "

How eloquent speeches were in the sense of the Polish mission to defend the largest Christian values \u200b\u200band the Motherland against Bolshevism, even if the mighty powers of the West had gone to the bargaining with the Bolsheviks. On 27 July 1920 the Polish bishops by the Jasna Gora act of sacrifice Sacred Heart of Jesus and to pursue a re- Our Lady Queen of Polish. The same day wystosowanej Address to the Nation after the conference at Jasna Gora, the Polish bishops came forward with a fiery appeal, zagrzewającym to fight in defense of the Fatherland. Recalling the heroic defense of Czestochowa, the triumph of a few centuries, and they comforted in the belief that it will win again, "an army of national salvation."

It is worth recalling a particularly large role played by Fr. Cardinal. Alexander Kakowski in their efforts to mobilize the religious and patriotic people of the capital to oppose the Bolshevik Nawal. In a letter July 31, 1920 year to the clergy of the Archdiocese of Warsaw, Fr. Cardinal. Kakowski out an appeal for your continued prayers for the Homeland recommend: "saved by the faithful to deny themselves pleasure and conduct post money and all the victims gathered in the tray on 8 August in the churches should be used throughout the Archdiocese for the Polish soldier. The money deposited by the priests, Kuria send to the board of volunteer army. " On 7 August 1920, Cardinal applied to the parish priests and rectors of churches in the capital city Warsaw from the letter of the obligation period in post against the threat of aggression. Cardinal Kakowski emphasized, among others: "Do not fear, not revenge We must push, but a fiery call Motherland for help and rescue. Because of the importance of the moment and the danger threatening the city of our work around the trenches in the day Sunday and holidays is permitted.

hearts do not let doubt and cowardice brews, as long as the soul vibrates in the Polish faith in God's care and true patriotism, do not have such a force that would be able to break us. "Fiery summons
The Cardinal were performed every day by a great crowd clergy, as a symbol of how great has become a heroic death Fr. Ignatius Ossowo shells near Radzymin 14 August 1920 year.

How important it is to recall that such a huge bond of the Church and the people in the age specific mortal threat to Polish wake of prolonged captivity. You have to be reminded all the more at a time when so much offensive intensifies enemies of the Church and religion when so desperately trying to blur the merits for the Polish Church. Enemies of the Church continues today still the same vile and anti-religious kalumniatorstwo antykościelne which began on a large scale in the era of Stalinism. Suffice to

even spent time in PRL lampoons like "Thousand-year conflicts with the Popes" by Andrzej Nowicki, now Grand Master of Freemasonry in Poland. I will not go further to elaborate on how defamatory was preached by Nowicki and his pamphleteers similar argument about alleged Polish continuous strife with the Popes. I recall now only one, but very important figure among the numerous popes contradict the thesis of the said defamatory - Pope Benedict XIV and its role in mobilizing support for the Polish threatened by Bolshevism. On August 5, 1920 had sent his letter to Fr. Cardinal. Basil Pompili thanked Benedict XIV him for having ordered the elevation to the Supreme solemn and warm prayers "for the propitiation of the Lord's mercy on the unfortunate Polish." I emphasized the "very serious reasons lead us to wish that the example set by you, Cardinal, went to all the Bishops of the Catholic world" (emphasis - JRN, quoted in "Victory 1920. Warsaw against the Soviet aggression", Paris 1990, s . 111).

In a separate letter to Polish bishops on Sept. 8, 1920, the Holy Father Benedict XIV, very strongly emphasized the importance of the Battle of Warsaw not only for Poles, but for all peoples Christian Europe, he writes that the victory gained by the prayers - "God's blessing for a good helper strangely came not only to your nation, but also other peoples. To whom is not known because the enemy is mad thrust was aimed to destroy Poland, this bulwark of Europe and then undermine and demolish the whole of Christianity and culture based on it, using the propagation of this crazy and morbid doctrine? ".

also worth noting the important suggestion of prof. Norman Davies in Warsaw on the repercussions of their stay in Poland then dean of the diplomatic corps - the papal nuncio Achille Ratti. According to prof. Davies: "Knowing how big left an imprint of your stay in Warsaw for seventeen years Monsignor Achille Ratti pontificate (1922-1939), who sat on the throne of Peter as Pope Pius XI, it would be very instructive. There will be no exaggeration to say that the encyclical" Divini Redemptoris 'atheistic communism wyklinająca, was a generalization of his personal challenge to the Bolshevik armies Radzymin. "




Certificate Charles de Gaulle

still little known fact is that apart from A. Ratti, the future Pope Pius XI, during the Battle of Warsaw was in Poland as an officer of the French military mission most probably a Frenchman of the twentieth century, a famous politician and later chief of the French Charles de Gaulle.

the more it is worth to remind here de Gaulle's writings on the conduct of the victorious Polish offensive in August 1920, first introduced in the country banned the "Historical journal of" Parisian "Kultura", 1971:
"14 August: The overall offensive was decided upon (...). At the same time, it seems that everything to the smallest detail is clear. Faithful to the Polish army, whose personnel were higher among the best in the world, feel at once that strong and logical desire is going to coordinate efforts (...). Even before the battle started, I feel like these soldiers is a breath of victory, which I know so well (...).

August 17: The offensive started well. Group shunting, which shows the head of State, Pilsudski, grouped between Iwanogrodem a Chełm, quickly moving to the north. The enemy, completely surprised by the views of its left wing of the Poles, which are thought to be in a state of decay, never put serious resistance, he flees in disarray on all sides, or subjected to whole branches (...).

Aug. 20: Yes, it is a complete victory, triumphant victory. On the other Russian army, which threatened to Warsaw, just as he will return. Despite the speed with which they fled, they chased and Poles zachodzili from the forest "(cf. Ch. De Gaulle, the Battle of the Vistula River. Journal of hostilities French officer, in" Historical Papers ", Paris 1971, Appl. 19, p. 13 -16).




We saved Europe

still too little is said of great importance the famous Battle of Warsaw 1920 years for the fate of Europe. The British ambassador in Warsaw, Lord D'Abernon Edgar called it already in the title of his book "eighteenth decisive battle in world history." As published in August 1930, Lord D'Abernon article he wrote: "The modern history of civilization knows the importance of little events that have increased since the battle of Warsaw in 1920. Do not know but not one that would have been less appreciated ... If the Battle of Warsaw was ended in victory for the Bolsheviks, there would be a turning point in European history, it is beyond doubt that the fall of Warsaw Central Europe would stand open for communist propaganda and the Soviet invasion (...). The political writers ... to explain to European public opinion that in 1920 Poland has saved Europe. "

French Gen. Louis A. Faury wrote in an article published in 1928:" Two hundred years ago Poland at the walls of Vienna, rescued Christendom from the Turkish danger, the Vistula and Niemen this noble nation once again gave the civilized world a service which not only was assessed. "British historian JFC Fuller wrote in his book" The Battle of Warsaw 1920 "(published underground, Warsaw 1980, p. 34):" covering central Europe from the Marxist plague , Battle of Warsaw withdrew guidance Bolshevik clock (...), zatamowała potential outbreak of social discontent in the West, nearly annihilating the Bolshevik experiment. "

It is worth recalling also that the well-known popularizer of the history of wars and military Goodough Simon in 1979, published in the book" Tactical Genius in Battle " Jozef Pilsudski rated genius demonstrated in the Battle of Warsaw as worthy winners of the awards in a circle of 27 major battles in world history. In addition to Themistocles, Alexander the Great, Caesar, Gustavus Adolphus, the great Condé and many other great leaders!

Preventing the Polish victory over Soviet Russia further spread of Bolshevism in Europe "has gained" a lasting hatred of the Poles of different environments in Europe and the communist world, serving as a medium for the various bitter "red" anti-Polish sowers. More than once I noticed it very strongly in our country's Hungarian "nephews", learning to hate what they wrote or spoke about the impact of us old veterans of the communist red Hungarian Soviet Republic. Remember the fact that the Poles their triumph in 1920, pitched them all hopes of re-victory of communism in Hungary after the fall of 1919 pathetic Bolshevik experiment - 133-day Hungarian Soviet Republic. In 1920, the staff of the army Budyonny horse when Stalin was a great group of Hungarian Communists waiting for the triumphant return to Budapest with the Soviet forces that overwhelm Poland (cf. W. Pobóg-Malinowski, Polish Modern History, Volume II, 1914-1939, London 1967, p. 504).

Polish victory in 1920 saved from communist Hungary, the Czech Republic, Germany and the Baltic states, and perhaps the rest of Europe. Soviet army commander Mikhail Tukhachevsky sighed bitterly at the thought of lost opportunities by the Soviets in 1920: "There is no doubt that if we were defeated by the Vistula, the flame of revolution ogarnęłaby entire European mainland. "Communist Leading German Clara Zetkin immortalized her dismal interview with Lenin (after the truce of Riga) on the effects of the disaster the Red Army in Poland:" The early frost in the Red Army's retreat from Polish zwarzył developing flower revolution (...). Lenin was describing how it has repercussions on the revolutionary vanguard of the German working class (...), when the comrades of the Soviet stars on their caps, in an incredibly old shreds of uniforms and civilian clothes, torn shoes, rush spurs its lively horses straight towards the German border. (...) Lenin for a few minutes sat in silence, lost in thought.

- Yes - said at the end - and so it happened, what may have become (...). Poles saw in czerwonoarmiejcach no brothers and liberators, but enemies. Poles do not think and act as befits a socjałów and revolutionaries, but as nationalists and imperialists. This revolution, which had hoped for in Poland, has failed. The workers and peasants, deceived by Pilsudski and Daszyńskiego, rose up in defense of his class enemy, allowing so that our brave soldiers of the Red Army died of starvation, being herded into the ambush, beaten to death (...). When Lenin spoke on his face (...), depicted untold suffering "(quoted in N. Davies, White Eagle Red Star. Polish-Bolshevik War of 1919-1920, Kraków 1997, p. 270-271).

The greatest importance was that the Polish victory for the small Baltic countries. The famous Lithuanian independence Anastar Terleckas columnist wrote in the mid-90s, were it not for the Polish victory in 1920 Lithuania would have to live 20 extra years of Russian occupation and the Russification. What would the is a small, kilkumilionowego the Lithuanian people, you can easily imagine. Writing about the importance of victory for the Polish Baltic countries, it is the occasion to mention the little known, and a beautiful example of the immediate and unconditional Polish military assistance to Latvia. On 3 January 1920 two Polish divisions under the command of General Edward Rydz-Smigly, supporting national army Latvian, liberated from the hands of the Bolsheviks, one of the largest cities of Latvia - Daugavpils port. Jozef Pilsudski, who arrived in late January 1920 to Daugavpils to personally decorate Gen. Rydz-Smigly for winning the Order of Military Virtue share, said during a gala dinner with the commander in chief of the Latvian army, and Gen. Gen. Burt Ballodisem the British mission "is to be nice to me in the ward, who met to fight the real happiness in accordance with the Polish tradition for our freedom and yours - not only for the freedom of our nation, but also for the freedom of our neighbor and friend "(W. Pobóg-Malinowski, op., t. III, p. 403).

famous Polish-American scientist from the United States, Professor Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski told me stories about how this day the memory of the Polish triumph Warsaw in 1920 is deformed by some virulent anti-Polish Jewish spokesmen. Well, they are such fanatical Jewish environment in the U.S., blames Poles blame ... as Hitler came to power in Germany. They preach that, if the Poles do not beat the Bolshevik army near Warsaw in 1920, they would reach Germany and merged with those communist forces. In Germany zatriumfowałaby skomunizowana left and then Hitler never would have reached there to power. Probably not worth even a comment on this silly anti-Polish "logic" arguments!



The effects of the disaster
1920 years for the Soviets

Soviet Russia suffered a defeat in the war with the Polish was very important for the internal development of the Soviet Union, a decisive influence on the Soviets forced the resignation of so devastating to the population of war communism and forcing him to introduce much more flexible NEP -u (new economic policy). It is worth reminding those facts, because they are still too little emphasized in the historiography of Polish and foreign, but are yet one more proof of the importance of international spillovers from the Battle of Warsaw.

convincing Nader in this respect seem to Norman Davies notes in his book "White Eagle Red Star" (p. 278-279): "War Polish unquestionably contributed to the crisis of war communism, and consequently to the introduction by Lenin's 'New Economic Policy' (NEP).

summer of 1920 on the Polish front, eight of the sixteen fought the Bolshevik army.

Polish war was serious and the only foreign enterprise of the Red Army, which clearly strained Program 'war communism' as a result of militarization of the railways, the severity of requisitions, increased demand for supplies and weapons (...). It is also true, that a sudden failure of the Polish campaign in autumn 1920 years has caused a shock no less than a killa chaos that existed before. As long as it seemed that the Red Army weapons of Russia before the 'Polish jaśniepanami', as long as you can justify and tolerate the suffering, which earns war communism. Yet since the signing of a truce Riga (...) this whole system has lost its meaning (...). War Communism was no longer usable and had to be replaced by something else. During the period of the Polish campaign, when he hopes to export the revolution were still alive, the NEP was not needed at the moment defeat of the campaign became a logical necessity. "

should be added - has become a logical necessity, because the defeat of the Soviet Union deprived the conquered Polish złupienia opportunities, followed by its neighboring countries, which would allow further continue their policy of" war communism. "quoted above, wrote the British historian JFC Fuller, the defeat of the Soviets in the Battle of Warsaw deprived Russia, "the possibility of looting, it needed to halt a hopeless economic crisis."

was, however, seems to have a particularly dismal result the Soviet defeat in the war with the Polish in 1920. This was still smoldering, insatiable hatred of the Soviet Bolshevik leaders at the forefront of Stalin to the Polish, which is so much shattered their predatory and predatory plans. The famous Russian historian Dmitri Wołkogonow taken as explained in the 1940 decision of the Soviet Politburo about the shooting of thousands of Polish officers: "It was probably revenge for the ignominious defeat of Soviet Russia in 1920 and the humiliating Treaty of Riga, which, they say, Stalin could not forgive the Poles' (D. Wołkogonow, Lenin, Warsaw 1997, p. 474).

Stalin and Soviet NKVD had revenge for what happened. Polish victory in 1920 had saved Europe for over 20 years before the hideous consequences of Soviet expansion and plunder.


prof. Jerzy Robert Nowak

When Do I Need To Get New Spikes

Marek Belka as the Head of the NBP is a very bad and dangerous choice for Polish.

Marek Belka as the Head of the NBP is a very bad and dangerous choice for Polish.


probably talked about this beam, Tusk and Kwasniewski, when they met in Aachen during the ceremony, the Charlemagne Prize Tusk appalled by the decision-marshal to put a candidate for President of the NBP are some members of the Monetary Policy Council.
- Candidate for a six- term should indicate the newly elected president - professor stresses. Adam Glapiński of the MPC.

- haste with which Marshall seeks to appoint the President of the NBP, it is completely unfounded - said prof. Ph.D., a member of the MPC. - There is no threat to the stability of the central bank. The inflation target is realized, the economy bounces slowly, the reports were adopted by the NBP Monetary Policy Council, there is no danger to the balance of payments, and some of the zloty exchange rate fluctuations are not due to internal reasons, but with risk aversion in international markets - says prof. Kazmierczak. It also recalls that the President of the NBP should be apolitical and Beams candidacy - former Prime Minister and Minister of Finance of the SLD - certainly does not satisfy this condition.
beam praise the MPC members who owe a function of the Civic Platform, pointing to its international connections and experience in the floodplain of the public. However, there are the votes that the candidate has no experience in monetary policy, because I never served on the MPC. Some point out that Marek Belka has been questioned by an investigative committee examining the affair PZU. He collaborated with ABN Amro at a time when the bank advise the minister on the privatization of PZU in 1999. At the same time Beam was a member of the supervisory board of BIG Bank Gdanski, which acquired 10 percent. PZU shares.

first Marek Belka, former member of the Communist Party derives from the camp Kwasniewski and if elected will work to further strengthen August wiekzego post-communist oligarchs and take over the rest of the national assets in the hands of multinationals seeing off profits. Polish companies, ie the tax havens. Switzerland, Monaco, Luxembourg, Caribbean Islands, Channel Islands. Also
tranfer profitability Polish companies will develop stagnation, lack of investment and job creation maloplatnych.

second Marek Belka will be pushed plans international banks such as Goldman Sachs manipulating the Polish economy on niekozysc.

third Mark will continue the policy of the Civic Platform Polish borrowing in international banks and the IMF. Why does Poland have to pay for the IMF for financial REPRESENTATION, which you do not need.

4th Marek Belka will be pushed as rapidly as possible the introduction of Polish Euro-zone which will result in price increases, reducing the competitiveness of Polish exports and economic stagnation. Thus, the increased indebtedness of cheap imports and the Polish August.

recommend a book by Joseph Stiglitz, "free fall" Nobel laureate

documents America (and much of the world's) descent into crony capitalism. In which documents how the U.S. and wiekszosc swiata poszla w zlym kierunku ekonomicznym tzn. ekonomii oligarchicznej. Prywatyzacja zyskow i unarodowienie strat, dlugow , papierow toksycznych co spowodowalo ogulny upadek klasy sredniej, ktora to zawsze placila i placi najwiecej podatkow.
Teraz banki inwestycyjne pozbawione regulacji i odpowiedzialnosci za straty zaczely masowo grac w przyslowiowa ruletke jak w casino w Las Vegas wiedzac ze rzady panst ich wykupia z kieszeni podatnika.

Niszczenie klasy sredniej. Chodzi o to ze myslenie i dzialanie takich ludzi jak Balcerowicz i Marek Belka opartych na szkole Friedmana, ktora zniszczyla tyle gospodarek na swiecie jak Islandia, Argentyna, Grecja, kraje Bautyckie a teraz bardzo prawdopodobnie Portugalia, Hiszpania, Wlochy, Irlandia. This whole financial aid to PIGS countries are slowing down the collapse of the financial and investment banking losses transferred to the taxpayer's pocket and the middle class and poor. These banks are called tgz. International vultures spend millions hiring bulych Prime governments, presidents have still a lot of direct contacts in order to manipulate markets. They are recruited people like Marcinkiewicz, beam, Balcerowicz, former Prime Minister of Greece. In teminologii Lenin used, ie idiots do not owning a home country patryjotyzmu. Supporters

Washington Consensus, led by Professor Leszek Balcerowicz, usually in their statements said that the current crisis is "not a collapse of capitalism." So if someone (Except the extreme alterglobalists) ever talked about it. It's a trick erystyczny - sets up opponents in a place that does not stand, but convenient for the attack. Critics claim the true market fundamentalism is, we hope that this is the end of this version of capitalism, but if it will not be reformed, we still have a bigger crisis, which completely ruin the world and after the change can go a very undesirable direction.


crumbling Euro currency? part2 (09Feb10
Alex Lech Bajan

President RaQport
RaQport Inc..
2004 North Monroe Street Arlington Virginia 22207

Washington DC Area

USA TEL: 703-528-0114
TEL2: 703-652-0993
Fax Number: 1-202-315-3841
sms: 703-485-6619
Toll Free :1800-695-6200 EMAIL
: polonia@raqport.com
WEB SITE: http://raqport.com

Is Excercise Good Or Bad During Herpes Outbreak

Anrdzej Lepper. 5 years ago, the whole truth about the Civic Platform, SLD, Komorowski, Tusku. How had the wrong picks, korubcja privatization.

Anrdzej Lepper. 5 years ago, the whole truth about the Civic Platform, SLD, Komorowski, Tusku. How had the wrong picks, korubcja privatization.

Error 1203 On Dell Printer

Bronislaw Komorowski and his guys for such a Poland and died in 1946 Inka?

Bronislaw Komorowski and his guys for such a Poland and died in 1946 Inka?

Szubarczyk Peter Pan, an employee of the Institute of National Remembrance in Gdansk, gives the names of the murderers of the Office of Security, the judiciary and the prosecution of communist responsible for the death of INKA, criminals unpunished to this day ... Excerpt
reportage devoted to the memory of Danuta Siedzikówny Inka, executed and issued by TV in 2007.

Our candidate a year before his death wish Lech Kaczynski?


Sale Poland - msp.gov.pl
published / a Wlodek Kulinski - Virtual Polonia on 2010-05-17

Minister the treasure posted in the weekly "The Economist" announcement on the sale of over 670 Polish companies with more than 40 sectors of the Civic Platform hand gospodarkiPod Poland for three years lived by the sale of assets of previous generations and borrowing at the expense of the future. Economists have sounded the alarm: sale of strategic sectors of the economy to foreign investors are not spammed the budget deficit, as this increases the financial drain Polish and expose our country to the "hostile takeover". Privatization of the crisis is not reasonable to include because private companies are now much less access to capital than those that are in the assessment of the markets more reliable partner in times of crisis.

frantically searching for money for patching holes budget, the government sells what he can, regardless of whether the privatization of the company has an economic justification or not. Proceeds from the sale of state property scheduled this year at 25 billion zł, but the minister Aleksander Grad has bid up, claiming that reach up to 30 billion. Billion in the up or down does not alter the picture of the situation: despite the total sales of assets the government fails to reduce the budget deficit to the planned size, or 52 billion.
- We estimate that today the real budget deficit is 90 billion. At the end of the public debt will reach 780-800 billion zł - evaluate the chief economist for Credit Unions Janusz Szewczak.
- Privatization of government momentum came to a point where you say - no! People are scandalized insouciance with which the government sells public property is being built by the tribe - says Mr Gabriel Masłowska (PiS) party, an economist. After the stock market debut
PZU, through which part of the Treasury in our largest insurance company, fell more than 50 percent. to 46 percent., the government is going to sell large chemical plants. Go under the hammer ZA Puławy and Chemical Plant Police. In recent days, the Ministry of the Treasury issued an invitation to tender. In both companies, the government intends to get rid of the strategic investor for the majority shareholdings. It is possible that a buyer will take over both companies will be privatized or one of them. Is called. the second group of chemicals. After that comes the turn of the first group, ie Ciech, Nitrogen Works in Tarnow (ZAT) and Nitrogen Plant in Kedzierzyn (UAC), which in the first approach could not be privatized. German group PCC, which had exclusive negotiating rights to buy ZAK and ZAT, offered payment terms so unfavorable that the Polish side was forced to quit the stage without a settlement.
is intended to sell energy. The government wants to sell shares in the largest groups energy - and PGE Tauron. So far, talked about keeping in the hands of the Treasury's strategic holdings, but the Minister Aleksander Grad cancer withdraws from these promises. According to recent information, Tauronie to be sold not 20 percent. And ... 52 percent. shares. In the hands of the investor will also in the whole energy group Enea. This second approach to privatization, at first - kept in the pit of the crisis - not a buyer emerged. For sale will also pack 13 percent. shares in the oil concern LOTOS, 10 percent. shares in KGHM "Polish Copper" minority packages in the fuel companies, some of the companies associated with the defense sector, pharmaceutical companies and a further 65 percent. Lublin share Bogdanka coal mine, which debuted on the stock exchange in the middle of last year.
end of the year is expected to begin selling the Warsaw Stock Exchange - the most important capital market infrastructure institutions. Shares debut on stock exchanges have their own floor. Last year in the last minute managed to stop before the minister Grad extremely unfavorable for the economy and stock market trade investor selling Stock Exchange - the German Deutsche Boerse.
- The government sells the strategic areas economy, in spite of the crisis, because the only thing that preoccupied him, is a growing liquidity problems of the budget. This study did not completely understand in what direction the situation is developing in the world, and positions us wrong - says Jerzy Bielewicz, president of Transparent Market. " - Greece's financial disaster is just the tip of the iceberg, the forerunner of the next wave of global financial crisis, which this time will hit hardest in Europe, threatening to split up - the financier warned.
- So far, the silence continues through the storm, but we must be aware that the lack of a thorough reform of the global financial system pushes world towards conflict. At that moment, finance, defense, energy - are areas that other governments wield tight in his hand - Bielewicz stresses.
also draws attention that the privatization of the crisis is not reasonable for this reason that private companies, including major corporations now have far less access to capital than those that are in the evaluation of markets, a more reliable partner in times of crisis.
- Corporate Credit does not exist, except in Asia. Banks, fearing the loss, do not want to lend to large corporations, and if they offer a loan, then at a very high percentage. Meanwhile, Polish government bonds bear interest at 5 percent., Access to capital is therefore easier for the government sector - estimated Bielewicz. - Access to the stock exchange is a single injection of capital, then the private investor must pay a higher price, when you borrow on financial markets - he notes.

drainage of capital and labor market

- Privatization to foreign investors pushes workplace Polish - draws attention to another financier associated with the Polish National Bank. As he explains, when a foreign investor acquires shares in a Polish company, making the exchange of billions of Foreign exchange for gold, raises the same exchange rate, making our exports less profitable. Therefore, the result of mass privatization with foreign capital is a phenomenon of shifting jobs out of the Polish abroad.
- Replace capital assets, which gave us many years of income in the country, on a one-time consumption. And is it business? - He asks rhetorically. While privatization in favor of foreign capital has negative consequences, is privatization in conditions of crisis is - according to our interlocutor - harmful in two ways.
- The crisis is to himself that causes the suction of the periphery of global corporations to control and therefore in the opposite direction than in times of prosperity, when capital expansion and make investing abroad - he explains. This means that the funding worked out in Polish companies with the entry of foreign strategic investor will be transferred abroad by the payment of profits tax escape, the use of transfer pricing, etc.. Especially bright this practice can be seen in companies of a financial nature, such as banks and insurance companies - for example, ING in the crisis has made billions in foreign bank deposits-mother, one of the banks in excess of dividends paid to shareholders profit, etc. The money transfer is a way of diversion of profits by foreign supermarket chains and companies whose products are characterized by high "batch import".
Prime Minister Donald Tusk and Minister Aleksander Grad see their "miracle cure" in the privatization through the stock exchange, where the place of foreign strategic investor is more or less dispersed shareholders. But it seems that the temptation of financial drain by no means avoids the listed companies, so that the beneficiary is changing.
- Companies with a dispersed shareholding become de facto property managers and shareholders are irrelevant management. For example, the Italian UniCredit is controlled by several foundations that have larger holdings, and these foundations control ... management - explains Bielewicz.
- U.S. banks, which zdefraudowały huge amount of money and were taken on a pot of taxpayers ... that's listed companies - like. Evidence that the managers of listed companies become quasi-owners, for example, are astronomical salaries of management, independent of the company's performance. - As calculated in the U.S., the main income exceeds managers Goldman Sachs the amount of dividends to shareholders - gives an example.
- The assertion that privatization, in any case guaranteed a faster growth, it is just empty - says Dr. Gabriel Masłowska, economist, member of PiS. - The proof is in the rapid development of the Far East, which - in contrast to the Polish - totally rejected the plan recommended by the so-called privatization. Washington Consensus [ultraliberalny economic program of the IMF and WB for underdeveloped countries presented in 1989 - editor. ed].

Privatization is no panacea

- First, we ask the government where it go more than 100 billion zł from past privatizations conducted since the beginning of the transition. Is selling-off of these assets have higher pensions? Can this money built the highway? Are the Poles became the owners of the factories? Is the budget is higher tax revenue? - Asks rhetorically Janusz Szewczak, chief economist at credit unions. - Let's finally open: it was from the beginning concept devoid of perspective, limited to the temporary closing of gaps in public finance income from sales of assets generations - notes.
- Total privatization is not a panacea for economic problems, the contrary - in many cases can harm - claims George Bielewicz. Each area of \u200b\u200bthe economy requires - in his opinion - a separate strategy in terms of ownership status.
- Why sell the energy sector to foreign investors? It is known that the necessary funds for investments will raise the Polish market by inflating energy prices, which expose the Polish economy to lose competitiveness. Why get rid of control over PZU, PKO BP or GPW? Investors acquire profitable financial companies in order to reap profits from them, rather than an explicit. In the West, only 20 percent. this sector is in foreign hands, while in Poland - 70 percent. - Notes Bielewicz. Margaret Goss


www.naszdziennik.pl

Vicodin Before Tattoo Removal

clamor Polish Polish uprisings and calls jancuch Bronislaw Komorowski

Polish Polish uprisings uproar as calling jancuch

Bronislaw Komorowski

Where Can I Get A Fake Id In Niagara Falls

win means defeat of Polish and $ 65 billion for wealthy atheists in the USA, New York, that protect Hitler in 1932 to 1945.

win means defeat of Polish and $ 65 billion for wealthy atheists USA, New York, that protect Hitler in 1932 is 1945. Tusk and Platform
Obywateska has it on his conscience.
Not for Polish hospitals, for roads, schools, universities Polish but for the rich, who have already earned the Golden manipulation
Goldman sachs manipulation of the Polish Zloty.
professor believes that there is nobody should not be (in terms of compensation)
broadcast statement from the expired month with TV Trwam.

of European Decalogue and the new Lord

Death of Captain Pilecki
ninth


Crimes Communists-"Gen. August Emil Fieldorf 'Nil'" 1 / 2

much money invested B. Komorowski in parabank Janusz Thumb? How much money is invested
B. parabank Janusz Komorowski of Thumb? Location
had such amount in 1991.?

called Fragment. "Report on the liquidation of the WSI" (page 78 and 79)

"Service is also interested in the financial relationship with analyzing people Komorowski and Janusz Paluch, who led the so-called. "Parabankową activity." Komorowski, analyzing people and Benedyk have to invest in the venture Thumb
260 thousand. DEM. Col. Janusz Paluch worked among the officers, and his agent to receive deposits
was among others Lieutenant Colonel Janusz Rudzinski (118).

After the bankruptcy of Thumb (spring 1992) ws. "TOMASZEWSKI," Bronislaw Komorowski and Maciej analyzing people wanted to recover the money invested by companies hired detective who
soon withdrew from the agreement, fearing the political associations Thumb. Komorowski claimed that the money can recover counterintelligence WSI, who helped others defrauded in this way a high officer in ND (119).

"TOMASZEWSKI" claimed that the funds collected informally by the Thumb can be used to finance the electoral office of Lech Walesa or a candidate supported by him. (120) At a time when he had trouble with the police
, Paluch was hiding in an apartment Wachowski sisters in Bydgoszcz in November 1994
proposed "Tomaszewski" common interests (121). "

(118) According to the "memos" from 14.04.1995 was done by Cpt. Piotr Lenart Division 2 Division of KW POW, Bronislaw Komorowski and Maciej analyzing people entrusted in the period 1991 to 1992 WAS. "Tomaszewski" large sum of money to the so-called paid them. "Thumb bank" through Colonel. Janusz Rudzinski. The whole sum amounted
260 tys.DM. The documents found are not that interested in the source WSI
origin of the capital. According to the diagnosis of the Military Counterintelligence, money paid and other senior officers
HR.

(119) VILLAGE The memo concluded that analyzing people and Komorowski did not have "to request a refund by law." WAS Tomaszewski told that "the generals failed to recover the money with the help of military counter-intelligence." An attempt to recover the money came in the WS-Komorowski and analyzing people, "Tomaszewski." It undertook to observe Demol, in exchange for help in recovering the money from the Thumb.

In the Acts there is no information or attempt to recover the money invested by ws. "Tomaszewski, Komorowski and analyzing people in the" Bank of Thumb "failed. Nor is there any information where such a large sum of
owned the aforementioned. Nor do we know how to work out the ended Komorowski, analyzing people, and senior officers
HR.

spoonbills, Ziemkiewicz and others. You have enough courage to ask these two simple questions?

Soon they will answer ...
sli National Bank Polish does not make the budget an additional 4 billion zł, Speaker of Parliament may initiate the procedure of appointing a new president of the central bank. Members of the MPC are explicit: "This is blackmail." - Peter Primrose on the incumbent President of the NBP after the tragic death of Slawomir Skrzypek is exerted political pressure to hand over money to the budget from the reserve to stabilize the zloty - alerts the caller of "Our Journal."

- The decision of the government majority in the Monetary Policy Council to ask the NBP Management Board for re-calculating the risk and estimation of reserves for foreign exchange risk is a form of blackmail: "As you do not go our way - appointed new chairman of the NBP" - confirms one of the MPC members speaking on condition of anonymity.
NBP estimates the risk of exchange rate fluctuations that may occur over 10 days, and not in a given year. According to this calculation is a copy of the exchange rate to the reserve contained in the report amounts to 4.2 billion zlotys. This report has been positively assessed by one of the largest international audit and consultancy PriceWaterhouseCoopers. The higher the copy of the reserve included in the cost, the smaller the NBP profit transfer to the budget.
Krzysztof Rybinski, former vice president of the NBP, he argues that the board of the central bank should not adjust down reserves in the report, but rather increase it because it was calculated on the minimum possible level.
worth noting that shortly after the presidential plane crash, which killed the NBP president Slawomir Skrzypek, the Sejm Marshal said that the designation of a candidate for the new president will be one of his first decisions. Commentators have estimated that Komorowski, however, should leave the decision of newly elected President, because the financial situation is stable and there is no immediate need for staffing positions. The Act says that in the absence of the President of the NBP's function includes the first deputy chairman, who is Peter primrose, and it was he who took the reins of the bank. In the following days, the marshal, under pressure from financial markets worried about the prospect of the nomination of the central bank from a group of people connected with the coalition government, a bit slowed down their aspirations. He gave it clear that he will make decisions depending on the outcome of the proceedings of the Board of the NBP Monetary Policy Council, where most members are appointed on the recommendation of the ruling coalition. After the last MPC meeting Elizabeth Chojna-Spirit When asked what would happen if the bank's board will not change the report, responded that the Council will be wondering what to do, but said that there are other different procedures ...
About maintain the independence of the central bank will decide the next Council meeting scheduled for 27 and 28 April. Management has to submit it again to evaluate the financial statements for the year 2009. Will it be the current document, or converted after the government's thinking - as yet unknown. Until April 30 approved by the MPC, the report should be submitted to the Council of Ministers for approval. Two weeks later, 95 percent. NBP is subject to annual profit lead to the state budget. At stake is whether it will be 4.2 billion zł, calculated as a bank, or twice as much - as the government wants - but at the expense of stability of the zloty.


Article by James Conrad on seekingalpha.com (dated from last December)

There is no other commodity market leveraged short sellers WHERE Increase Their positions, materially, as the price rises, and even more Increase Them When prices are exploding, The except gold and silver. The reason traders Normally do not do that Is that it exposes the short sellers is unlimited liability and risk. Yet, in March and July, Both 2008, and on countless occasions over the past 21 years, vast numbers of new gold and silver short positions were temporarily opened up, with the position holders seemingly unconcerned about the fact that precious metals had just risen exponentially, and that there was a very real potential they would bankrupt themselves with unlimited upside potential. Normal traders would not expose themselves to such unlimited risks.

I conclude, therefore, that over the last 21 years or so, “fake” precious metals supply in the form of promises of future delivery have habitually been increased when prices increase until increased “supply” managed to overwhelm increased demand, leading to a temporary price collapse. This is compounded by the fact that the futures prices on COMEX tend to dictate the “official” report price for the precious metals elsewhere.

After the market is broken, shell-shocked leveraged long market participants have always been thrown out of their positions by margin calls, and/or have been happy to sell contracts back to the short sellers at much lower prices. This process has always allowed short sellers to cover short positions at a profit. If for some reason naked shorts needed to deliver, they could always count on various European central banks (and some say the Fed basement repository) to backstop them, releasing tons of physical gold into the market. It seemed that there were always another 34 tons or so of gold dumped at strategic times to bring down fast rising prices. Meanwhile, huge physical market demand in Asia and severe shortages buffered the downside. Because of the physical demand, prices steadily increased but, perhaps, at a much slower pace than would have been the case in the absence of market manipulation.

Rarely was there ever a serious short-squeeze. Rarely, that is, until Friday of last week when the deliveries demanded by non-leveraged long buyers reached record levels. In spite of an avalanche of complaints from gold and silver investors, the CFTC (Commodity Futures Trading Commission) has never bothered to audit even one vault to see if the short sellers really have the alleged gold and silver they claim to have. There is a legal requirement that, in every futures contract that promises to deliver a physical commodity, the short seller must be 90% covered by either a stockpile of the commodity or appropriate forward contracts with primary producers (such as miners). Inaction by CFTC, in the face of obvious market manipulation, implies a historical government endorsed price management.

Things, however, are changing fast. As previously stated, the first major mini-panic among COMEX gold short sellers happened last Friday. As of Wednesday morning, about 11,500 delivery demands for 100 ounce ingots were made at COMEX, which represents about 5% of the previous open interest. Another 2,000 contracts are still open, and a large percentage of those will probably demand delivery. These demands compare to the usual ½ to 1% of all contracts.

The U.S. economy is in shambles. Both commercial and investment banks are insolvent. European central banks no longer want to sell gold. China wants to buy 360 tons of it as soon as humanly possible, and as soon as it can be done without sending the price into the stratosphere. A close look at the Federal Reserve balance sheet tells us that Ben Bernanke eventually intends to devalue the U.S. dollar against gold. There has been a vast expansion of Fed credit, which has risen from $932 billion to $2.25 trillion in the last two and a half months. The Fed has bought nearly all toxic bank assets that were supposed to be purchased pursuant by the $700 billion Congressional bank bailout.

Official bailout funds have been used to buy equity interests in the various banks instead. By avoiding the use of monitored Congressional funds, the Fed has embarked on a secretive campaign to buy toxic assets. They have refused to give any accounting of their activities, even though they are using taxpayer money to do this. The Fed has refused, for example, to comply with a “freedom of information act” request from Bloomberg News. That refusal is now the subject of a major lawsuit.

The Federal Reserve has embarked on the biggest money printing surge in history, though the world economy has yet to feel its effect. To prevent newly printed dollars from causing immediate hyperinflation, these newly printed dollars have been temporarily sequestered into the banking industry’s reserves, rather than being released for general use. This was done in a number of creative ways.

First, the number of “reverse repurchase agreements” has been increased to $97 billion. A “repurchase agreement” is a non-recourse method by which the Fed increases the money supply by paying dollars for collateral. The collateral, in this case, are toxic defaulting mortgage bonds that banks want to be rid of. The cash enters the system and theoretically stimulates the economy because it supplies banks with money to make loans with.

A “reverse repurchase agreement” is the exact opposite. It is a method of reducing the money supply by selling bonds to the banks, and taking the cash back out of the system. In this case, the Fed gave banks cash for toxic defaulting mortgage bonds. Then, it took the same cash back by selling the banks new treasury bills just received from the U.S. Treasury. The Fed, in turn, bought these T-bills with the newly printed dollars. The banks, having gotten rid of toxic assets, were allowed to transfer private risk to the taxpayers. This process bolsters bank balance sheets by privatizing bank profits, and socializing bank losses.

At the same time, the U.S. Treasury has been very busy selling newly printed Treasury bills to anyone foolish enough to buy them. To a large extent, the fools reside overseas, but some reside inside this country, and the sale of these U.S. bonds has resulted in a substantial inflow of foreign reserves to the Treasury. Banks have also been offered favorable interest rates on both reserve and non-reserve deposits held at the Fed.

This was combined with what is probably a tacit agreement by which the banks were given the money and led to redeposit most newly printed cash back into the Fed, in a category known as “Reserve balances with Federal Reserve Banks”. This category has ballooned from $8 billion in September to $578 billion on November 28th.

On October 9, 2008, the Federal Reserve began paying interest on deposits at Federal Reserve Banks. The overnight rate happens to have dropped way below the “official” federal funds rate. Meanwhile, rates paid by the Fed on required deposits are only .1% less than the federal funds rate, and on voluntary deposits only .35% less than the federal funds rate. Accordingly, U.S. banks can engage in a dollar based one-nation carry trade, which further sequesters the newly printed dollars.

Banks are borrowing from the Fed, then taking the same money, redepositing it, and earning a spread on the interest rate differential. Banks can also deposit newly printed dollars into a category known as “Deposits with Federal Reserve Banks, other than reserve balances.” This category also earns interest in a similar way, and has risen from $12 billion to $554 billion in the same time period. The funds will eventually be used for direct lending from the Fed to open market borrowers, at huge levels of risk that even the free-wheeling cowboys who run things at America’s private banks are not willing to accept.

That being said, most money center banks in America are certainly NOT risk averse, even now. People who are bailed out of foolish decisions never become risk averse. They are, however, very insolvent, and, aside from the non-recourse provisions of Fed repurchase agreements, they would prefer, for bad publicity reasons, not to default on their obligations to the Fed. Aside from the newly printed dollars given to them by the Fed and the recent transfer of all risk to the taxpayers, they have no liquidity of their own with which to make new loans. That is why they aren’t making any. The Fed will eventually make the loans itself and take all the risk, while using the private banking system as merely a means for delivery.

Right now, however, the Fed wants to sequester the new dollars, until the U.S. Treasury has finished the major part of its funding activities. That will allow the Treasury to borrow money at very low rates. The Fed intends to feed money into the system, but at the minimum rate needed to prevent the DOW index from staying under 8,000 for any significant period of time. Right now, most measures are designed simply to stop U.S. banking laws from automatically requiring the closure of most big banks.

The extent of manipulations engaged in by this Federal Reserve is mind numbing. The total number of sequestered dollars has now reached well in excess of $1.2 trillion dollars. That means that Fed credit, so far, has been effectively increased only by about 10%, over the last 2.5 months, rather than 150% that appears on the surface of the Fed balance sheet. The rest is temporarily sequestered.

Back in July, the U.S. Treasury, through the ESF (Exchange Stabilization Fund), sold billions of euros and, I believe, established a dollar sequestering “derivative” by paying interest, perhaps in Euros, to foreign money center banks. This was designed to keep dollars out of circulation, overseas. It was the beginning of the dollar bull back on July 15th.

I had thought, at the time, with good reason, that the U.S. would run out of foreign exchange and would be forced to close down the operation within a few months. I underestimated Ben Bernanke.

Instead, the Fed managed to establish currency swap lines with various foreign nations, under the guise of supplying them with dollars. This need for dollars arose partly as a result of the actions of the Fed, in sequestering Eurodollars in July, and partly as a result of the multiple credit default events which triggered over $2.5 trillion worth of selling in the stock and commodities markets, as 50 to 1 leveraged players were forced to cover about $50 billion worth of credit default insurance obligations.

In truth, the Fed needs the foreign currency more than the foreign central banks need dollars. The Fed is using its new foreign currency resources, in part, to control the value of the dollar, and to ensure that U.S. bailout bonds are sold for the highest possible prices at the lowest possible long term costs. Anyone who buys long term Treasury bills is going to lose a fortune of money in the long term.

The Fed has also taken a number of steps beyond those already discussed to restrict aspects of the normal money supply which most strongly affect exchange rates. For example, they only allowed “currency in circulation” to rise by $33 billion in aggregate, while at the same time increasing foreign reverse repurchase agreements to reduce foreign availability of dollars by $30 billion, and reducing the “other liabilities” category dollar availability by another $7 billion. Since it is likely that “other liabilities” involve foreign held dollars, this resulted in a net deficit of $4 billion on foreign exchange markets, as compared to September, 2008.

All these actions, taken together, have supported the dollar overseas, and led to a breakdown of the commodities markets. The adverse effect of a paradoxically rising dollar has been especially severe in dollar dependent commodity producing nations, such as Ukraine.

The net effect is that the U.S. dollar, in spite of terrible fundamentals, is now King of the Currencies once again, at least temporarily. The rising value of the dollar happens also to support naked short sellers of gold and silver, on COMEX, and these are old friends of the Federal Reserve. Supply and demand ultimately determine the price of gold but, in the shorter term, it is inversely tethered to the dollar. When the dollar is artificially high, gold prices will often plunge artificially low.

But, in short, the Fed currently has gained complete control over the value of the dollar. It can now adjust and micromange the dollar on a day-to-day basis. All it needs to do is open and close the “dollar spigot.” When they want the dollar to rise, the Fed can reduce the number of sequestered dollars. When they want it to fall, they simply ease up, releasing dollars into the financial markets. There is only one problem. Real investors are fleeing the stock market, and stock indexes are becoming more and more dependent upon government cash in order to avoid collapse.

People are liquidating holdings in mutual funds, and redeeming against hedge funds at a fantastic rate. This has created heavy downward pressure on stock prices. If the DOW falls below 8,000 for any significant amount of time, most big American insurance companies will be forced to recognize huge losses on their portfolios, and will become insolvent. Insolvent insurers, like insolvent banks, must be closed by their regulators as a matter of law. Obviously, mass insurer bankruptcies would be yet another major destabilizing slap in the face to an increasingly unstable economy.

The Fed now has only two ways to stop this. One is by brute force. It can buy securities directly, through its primary dealers, thereby supporting and pumping up stock prices. It has done a lot of that in the past few weeks, but this method is highly inefficient and costly. It is better to catalyze upward market movement rather than force it. Catalysis of markets involves opening up the money spigot a bit, allowing some of the sequestered funds to bleed back into the system. This allows the stock market to rise or stabilize naturally, as the equivalent of inflation is created mostly in the stock market without substantial bleed through. At the same time, however, opening the money spigot reduces the value of the dollar and causes gold prices to rise. Rising gold price adversely affects COMEX short sellers who are, as previously stated, old friends of the Federal Reserve.

Gold buying enthusiasm, everywhere but at the COMEX, is at record levels, whereas stock market investing appetite is low. For this reason, when the Fed tried to constrict the money supply on Monday, it caused more damage to the stock market than to the price of gold. Gold declined by over 5%, but the S&P 500 collapsed by over 9%. The next day, the Fed eased up on the money supply spigot, allowing the dollar to fall and the stock market to reflate. If the Fed repeats this performance over and over again, stock investor psychology will be seriously harmed. Withdrawals from mutual and hedge funds will accelerate. The stock market will sink at an uncontrollable rate, and the world will surge onward toward Great Depression II, much worse than the first. At some point, there will be nothing the Fed can do about it, no matter what manipulations it attempts. Hopefully Ben Bernanke is aware of the dangerous nature of the game he is playing.

The Federal Reserve must now make a tough choice. In the past, Federal Reserve Chairmen may have felt it necessary to support regular attacks on gold prices to dissuade conservative people from putting a majority of their capital into gold. Now, however, the world economy needs much higher gold prices in order to devalue paper money, not against other currencies in a "beggar thy neighbor" policy, but against itself. This can jump start the system. If the Fed continued to support gold price suppression, that would collapse the stock market far deeper than they can afford, most insurers will end up bankrupt, and there will be no hope of avoiding Great Depression II.

I think Ben Bernanke is aware of this. Gold shorts will be abandoned, to avoid financial catastrophe. In commenting, I take a practical view, accepting what appears to be so, without passing judgment on the acts and omissions of the last 21 years.

Anyone who reads the written works of our Fed Chairman knows that Bernanke’s long term plan involves devaluing the dollar against gold. This is the exact opposite of most prior Fed Chairmen. He has overtly stated his intentions toward gold, many times, in various articles, speeches and treatises written before he became Fed Chairman. He often extols the virtues of former President Franklin Roosevelt’s gold revaluation/dollar devaluation, back in 1934, and credits it with saving the nation from the Great Depression. According to Bernanke, devaluation of the dollar against gold was so effective in stimulating economic activity that the stock market rose sharply in 1934, immediately thereafter. That is something that the Fed wants to see happen again.

It is only a matter of time before gold is allowed to rise to its natural level. Assuming that about half of the current increase in Fed credit is eventually neutralized, the monetized value of gold should be allowed to rise to between $7,500 and $9,000 per ounce as the world goes back to some type of gold standard. In the nearer term, gold will rise to about $2,000 per ounce, as the Fed abandons a hopeless campaign to support COMEX short sellers, in favor of saving the other, more productive, functions of the various banks and insurers.

Revaluation of gold, and a return to the gold standard, is the only way that hyperinflation can be avoided while large numbers of paper currency units are released into the economy. This is because most of the rise in prices can be filtered into gold. As the asset value of gold rises, it will soak up excess dollars, euros, pounds, etc., while the appearance of an increased number of currency units will stimulate investor psychology, and lending and economic output will increase, all over the world. Ben Bernanke and the other members of the FOMC Committee must know this, because it is basic economics.

Many venerable names in banking agree, although none have gone so far as to take their thoughts to the natural conclusion. Both JP Morgan Chase's and Citibank’s analysts, for example, are predicting a huge rise in the price of gold. That is interesting because GATA has come up with fairly compelling evidence that JP Morgan Chase (JPM) and HSBC (HBC) may have been big COMEX naked short sellers in the past.

Goldman Sachs (GS) is also a huge bullion bank, which allegedly is heavily involved in downward gold price manipulation. However, this month, both HSBC and GS took lots of deliveries of gold from COMEX. Given the size and bureaucracy at such firms, it is certainly possible for the majority of traders to be entirely honest, while others, at the same firm, may be totally corrupt.

More important, however, than dwelling on the accuracy of conspiracy theories is the fact that huge international banking firms normally do not take metal deliveries from futures markets. They normally buy on the London spot market. The fact that they are demanding delivery from COMEX means one of two things. Either the London bullion exchanges have run out of gold, or these firms are finding it cheaper to buy gold as a “future” than as a spot exchange.

Smart traders at big firms may be buying on COMEX to sell into the spot market, for a profit. This pricing condition is known as “backwardation”. Backwardation is always the first sign that a huge price rise is about to happen. In the absence of backwardation, there is no rational explanation as to why HSBC, Bank of Nova Scotia (BNS), Goldman Sachs, and others are forcing COMEX to make large deliveries.

The fact that this backwardation is hidden from the public eye is not surprising. In spite of the ostensible existence of a so-called “London fix”, 96% of all OTC transactions are secret and unreported. The transactions happen solely between two parties, and are done opaquely, in complete darkness. The current London fix may well be just as fake as the bank interest rate reports that comprised LIBOR proved to be, just a few months ago.

It won’t matter much if you purchase gold at $750, $800, $850, $900 per ounce, or even much higher. All of these prices will be looking extraordinarily cheap in a few months. The price of our pretty yellow metal is about to explode, and it is probably going to soar, Eventually, the levels That not even imagine most gold bugs. COMEX gold shorts will be playing the price a bit longer, in an attempt to shake out some Remaining independent leveraged longs. Once That is finished, however, and it will be finished soon, the price will start to rise very quickly.

Load Roller Coaster Tycoon 3 Without Disk

matter of providing a place / location of the tragedy by the Government of Tusk is a mockery of the Nation Polkiego Bogdan Święczkowski - former head of the ABW

Security Case place / location of the tragedy by the Government of Tusk is a mockery of the Nation Polkiego Bogdan Święczkowski - former head of the ABW
families of the victims of tragedy. So I think Komorowski lose by the choices and the PO will continue to lose popularity.
Even with the PO and Komorowski said publicly-lied to the Poles with the site is secured by a disaster in your mind enjoy and minimizing operation and services of various special prosecutor in this case. Just as in the case of General Papaly briquettes are trampled evidence.
first August zabezpecza in minutes 24 hours a day, you can install in hours plot
Portable 2nd why do not you've done this is not a big expense?
third why not install web cameras 24 hours a day? It
is a small cost from the transmitting antenna or najbrizszego loniska building, which the internet kontact? Such a plot can
working on 10 acres in a few hours.
zabatrz
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-yO-GDqe8Q
video and photo

http://image.made-in-china.com/2f0j00RBvTLMDracqH/Temporary-Fence-Panels. jpg


Polish security after 10 April 2010 pcs. I
Bogdan Święczkowski - former head of the Internal Security Agency (2010-05-08) Conversations unfinished

listen
save

directory blogówrejestracjazaloguj sięmój Manage Account
blog
logout
add to ulubionychRSSPolityka - Culture - Religion
Arthur Bazakredaktor "Political Theology" 2010-05-09 16:00
Are Polish state passed the exam?


June 20 as the citizens of the Republic can decide whether our state passed the most important test.



Polish state in the face of disaster drama at Smolensk and its effects passed the exam. She was called to the constitution, passed the state institutions, everyone we passed. All those who pray and then think about it, that the Polish state was able to this crisis as the best beat ' - Bronislaw Komorowski said during his speech on May 3 to Pl. Pilsudski.


need these words PO candidate for president reminded every time you learn something new about the circumstances and results of an investigation conducted by the Polish public prosecutor's office and the commission, headed by Minister of Internal Affairs and Administration.


main investigation in the history of the Republic led to Friday, chief military prosecutor, Colonel. Krzysztof Parulski. The man who - according to former head of the ABW Bogdan Święczkowski in an interview with Radio Maryja - not has no power to conduct such a complicated investigation. And as resembles Cezary Gmyz, investigative journalist of "Rzeczpospolita", Colonel. Parulski went to the military prosecutor in the state of war. Openly opposed the policies of former Justice Minister Zbigniew Ziobro, and late. Lech Kaczynski has repeatedly blocked his general's nomination. The Attorney General appealed Col. Andrew Seremet. Krzysztof Pakulski to conduct an inquiry and appointed in his place one of the best Polish investigators, Mark Pasionka.


It was 27 days since the disaster in Smolensk. As rightly pointed out the former head of the ABW Bogdan Święczkowski, the most important decisions about investigations and findings, having a decisive influence on its further course, are made in the first two days of the proceedings. In addition, the investigation should cover the time before the catastrophe, the disaster itself and the events immediately after it. And so should be disclosed to all policy decisions which led, among others to hold two separate ceremonies with the participation of Prime Minister Donald Tusk and President of the Republic. The obligation to replace Polish, supposedly independent, investigative journalists and bloggers. (Tutajmożna hear the entire interview with Bob Święczkowskim). If everything he says the former head of the ABW is true, then perhaps we will never know the whole truth about what happened on April 10 near Smolensk.


Rzeczpospolita came to an agreement of 7 July 1993 between the Ministry of Defense and Russian counterpart, from which you can join the Polish-Russian investigation on an equal footing. According to the experts is that the scandal and disgrace to the Polish government. How do we learn from the content of the hearing on the infrastructure Edmund Klich, accredited by the interstate Aviation Committee in Moscow, it is The Russians came up with proposal to the Chicago Convention as the legal basis of the investigation. Is this subjective state functions, a member of the EU and NATO? No, it does state that the suppliant and the former colony of the empire, which even today I do not want to risk good relations giving the matter under investigation entirely in the hands of the Russians. An eloquent symbol may be a reference back to Russia the third black box, which has already entered the Polish.


Bronislaw Komorowski words should be reminded again and again, when the government of Donald Tusk and acting President of the Republic of Bronislaw Komorowski proclaim the great breakthrough in Polish-Russian relations.


Transfer Act 1967 investigation of Russian prosecutors at the hands of the president can comment on just one word: crib. We received the documents, which we know from 1992 and the announcement of further declassification. Sure, we can hear the announcement until the election. Once the president is the president of Poland, to continue declassifying measure we can only dream about. Even if there are any documents which the Russian side is preparing for us, I fear that it will file, in which there will be no material facts that could provide basis for legal action, to redress to the families of victims of the Katyn massacre and qualification as a genocide.


share Bronislaw Komorowski and Wojciech Jaruzelski, in a victory parade on Red Square is indeed a breakthrough in Polish-Russian relations. The absence of the highest representatives of the United States, Britain, Italy, France, Belarus ... and on our relations throws a new light. In this context, our company defilowanie honor the rhythm of the march of Russian troops just outside the Commonwealth of Independent States is an eloquent symbol.


may not, finally, the words PO candidate for president not forget, when we observe how the ruling party takes another independent state institutions and appoint professionals to senior positions in the name of preserving the continuity of state and institutional responsibility for its proper functioning. Please follow
resumes and look at individual appointments at: Head of General Staff, the duties of the office of President of Poland, and soon the head of the IPN and the members of the NBC. In a word, let us as citizens of the power in your hands.


Do not forget all this when, as citizens, we will pursue throwing their fundamental right to the ballot box ballot June 20. We have the right to say whether our state passed the exam!

Flexeril In 3rd Trimester Of Pregnancy

matter of providing a place / location of the tragedy by the Government of Tusk is a mockery of the Nation Polkiego Bogdan Święczkowski - former head of the ABW

Case of providing a place / location of the tragedy by the Government of Tusk is a mockery of the Nation Polkiego Bogdan Święczkowski - former head of the ABW
families of the victims of tragedy. So I think Komorowski lose by the choices and the PO will continue to lose popularity.
Even with the PO and Komorowski said publicly-lied to the Poles with the site is secured by a disaster in your mind enjoy and minimizing the prosecution and the secret services specialnych in this case. Just as in the case of General Papaly briquettes are trampled evidence.
first August zabezpecza in minutes 24 hours a day, you can install in hours plot
Portable 2nd why do not you've done this is not a big expense?
third why not install web cameras 24 hours a day?
This is a small cost from the transmitting antenna or najbrizszego loniska building, which the internet kontact? Such a plot can
working on 10 acres in a few hours.
zabatrz
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-yO-GDqe8Q
video and photo

http://image.made-in-china.com/2f0j00RBvTLMDracqH/Temporary-Fence-Panels. jpg


Polish security after 10 April 2010 pcs. I
Bogdan Święczkowski - former head of the Internal Security Agency (2010-05-08) Conversations unfinished

listen
save

blogówrejestracjazaloguj sięmój blog directory
Manage Account
logout
add to ulubionychRSSPolityka - Culture - Religion
Arthur Bazakredaktor " Political Theology "2010-05-09 16:00
Are Polish state passed the exam?


June 20 as the citizens of the Republic can decide whether our state passed the most important test.



State Polish drama in the face of catastrophe at Smolensk and its effects passed the exam. She was called to the constitution, passed the state institutions, everyone we passed. All those who pray and then think about it, that the Polish state was able to this crisis as the best beat '- Bronislaw Komorowski said during his speech on May 3 to Pl. Pilsudski.


need these words PO candidate for president reminded every time you learn something new about the circumstances and results of an investigation conducted by the Polish public prosecutor's office and the commission, headed by minister Interior and Administration.


main investigation in the history of the Republic led to Friday, chief military prosecutor, Colonel. Krzysztof Parulski. The man who - according to former head of the ABW Bogdan Święczkowski in an interview with Radio Maryja - it has no power to conduct such a complicated investigation. And as resembles Cezary Gmyz, investigative journalist of "Rzeczpospolita", Colonel. Parulski went to the military prosecutor in the state of war. Openly opposed the policies of former Justice Minister Zbigniew Ziobro, and late. Lech Kaczynski has repeatedly blocked his general's nomination. The Attorney General appealed Col. Andrew Seremet. Krzysztof Pakulski to conduct an inquiry and appointed in his place one of the best Polish investigators, Mark Pasionka.


It was 27 days since the disaster in Smolensk. As rightly pointed out the former head of the ABW Święczkowski Bogdan, most decisions about investigation and determination, having a decisive influence on its further course, are made in the first two days of the proceedings. In addition, the investigation should cover the time before the catastrophe, the disaster itself and the events immediately after it. And so disclosed should be all the policy decisions that led, among others to hold two separate ceremonies with the participation of Prime Minister Donald Tusk and President of the Republic. The obligation to replace Polish, supposedly independent, investigative journalists and bloggers. (Tutajmożna hear the entire interview with Bob Święczkowskim). If everything he says the former head of the ABW is true, then perhaps we will never know the whole truth about what happened on April 10 near Smolensk.


Rzeczpospolita came to an agreement of 7 July 1993 between the Ministry of Defense and Russian counterpart, from which you can turn in Polish-Russian investigation on an equal footing. According to the experts is that the scandal and disgrace to the Polish government. How do we learn from the content of the hearing on the infrastructure Edmund Klich, accredited by the interstate Aviation Committee in Moscow, the Russians came up with a proposal the Chicago Convention as the legal basis of the investigation. Is this subjective state functions, a member of the EU and NATO? No, it does state that the suppliant and the former colony of the empire, which even today I do not want to risk good relations giving the matter under investigation entirely in the hands of the Russians. Eloquent expression let it be a reference back to Russia the third black box, which has already entered the Polish.


Bronislaw Komorowski words should be reminded again and again, when the government of Donald Tusk and acting President of the Republic of Bronislaw Komorowski proclaim the great breakthrough in Polish-Russian relations.


Transfer Act 1967 investigation of Russian prosecutors at the hands of the president can comment on just one word: crib. We received the documents, which we know from 1992 and the announcement of further declassification. Sure, we can hear the announcement until the election. Once the president will become president of Poland, to continue declassifying measure we can only dream about. Even if there are any documents which the Russian side to us getting ready, I'm afraid that it will file, in which there will be no material facts which could give rise to legal action designed to redress to the families of the victims and qualification of the Katyn massacre as genocide.


share Bronislaw Komorowski and Wojciech Jaruzelski, in a victory parade on Red Square is indeed a breakthrough in Polish-Russian relations. The absence of the highest representatives of the United States, Great Britain, Italy, France, Belarus ... and on our relations sheds a new light. In this context, our company defilowanie honor the rhythm of the march of Russian troops just outside the Commonwealth of Independent States is an eloquent symbol.


may not, finally, the words of presidential candidate PO forget when we see how the ruling party takes another independent state institutions and appoint professionals to senior positions in the name of preserving the continuity of state and institutional responsibility for its proper functioning. Please follow
biographies and watch individual appointments to: Head of General Staff, the duties of the office of President of Poland, and soon the head of the IPN and the members of the NBC. In a word, let us as citizens of the power in your hands.


Do not forget all this when we as citizens realize their basic right of throwing into the ballot box ballot June 20. We have the right to say whether our state passed the exam!

Maxine Birthday Invatations

Saakashvili Lech Kaczynski was hero of Georgia

Saakashvili Lech Kaczynski was hero of Georgia

Which Stores In Mall Drug Test

Saakashvili was hero Lech Kaczynski of Poland and Georgia

Saakashvili Lech Kaczynski was hero of Georgia

Power Adapter For Nordictrack Audiorider

rogatywce and Georgia in Tiger skin - the Georgians in the Army 1917-1968 wrogatywce and tiger skin - Georgians in the Army (2007)

Poland and Georgia in tiger skin and rogatywce - Georgians in the Army 1917-1968 and a tiger skin wrogatywce - Georgians in the Army (2007)

janek533 beautiful song, as well as the whole history connected with that why Lech Kaczynski was the hero of Georgia. Thank you Georgians
Very beautifull song so as the whole history why Lech Kaczyński become the hero of Georgia. I`m very greatfull for Georgia 1 day ago TheGeorgian29 Rest in peace Lech, u were really our friend and Hero :) We love you ... 1 day ago woodYates Thanks comrades. 3 days ago szampon Moments like that make me want to be with you, our Georgian brothers and sisters. If only us, the Poles, could commemorate him as beautifully. I write these words with tears in my eyes, mourning for President, thanking you and fearing for my beloved Poland.
We have fallen on really hard times, but we shall prevail. We shall be free.
Bog, Honor, Ojczyzna.
3 days ago okoRa100 Piękne. Pozdrowienia z Podhala, dzięki
6 days ago jooker43 Thank You !!! 1 week ago AnnaE28 Chwała i cześć! 2 1 week ago slawomirstella Thanks to you, Georgians 2 1 week ago ozznera Georgians will never forget Kaczynski, Lech rest in peace and Maria, god bless to your souls.


Georgia who found themselves in the ranks of the Army during World War II. Currently live in different countries around the world. In Poland, is to be the unveiling of a monument in Warsaw Uprising Museum. http://www.filmpolski.pl/fp/index.php/4222697

president of Poland supporting Georgia

Georgian folk song dedicated to the memory of Lech Kaczynski and his wife Maria

In rogatywce and tiger skin - a documentary film - TV Polonia ... The fate of the Georgian officers who, during World War II were in the Army. The Warsaw Uprising Museum has created the monument.

Originally Published in Georgia Today Newspaper

Last week, Georgia Learned Today about a unique work Lubach That George, a renowned Polish documentary director, friend of Georgia and expert of the Caucasus had Taken Over. This is a documentary about Georgian officers who fought in the Polish army against the Fascist and communist invaders. In the interview, Lubach disclosed a touching story of a Georgian noble diaspora having left a glorious trace in Polish history. Jerzy Lubach, along with his Georgian colleagues, discovered many interesting facts in the recently opened archives of Poland, Georgia and Russia. Since it sounds so interesting, we decided to narrate a bit about the basic story that laid the ground to the idea for the film. First of all, how did Georgian officers find themselves in Poland? Jerzy Lubach willingly answered this and other questions.
Jerzy Lubach

When Georgia gained independence from the Russian Empire, Georgia and Poland launched extensive diplomatic, political and military exchanges। The Polish state envoy, Waclaw Ostrowski, was dispatched to Georgia to set up a Polish diplomatic mission in the fledgling democratic republic. Poland firmly adhered to the policy of establishing close diplomatic relations with the states of the South Caucasus, which had escaped the shadow of Russian rule. Marshal and leader of Poland, Jozef Pilsudski, attached great importance to that strategy. Soon Georgia became a pivotal state as the way to Azerbaijan was cut off because of Bolshevic upheaval there. However, all the plans of fast development of Polish-Georgian relations collapsed with intrusion of the Soviet Red Army in independent Georgia on February 1921. After two weeks of merciless fighting, the tiny Georgian corps was crushed and the Soviet flag was raised in Tbilisi. The state was annexed, and the remainder of the leading Georgian military personnel as well as the temporary government fled to Europe via Batumi and Constantinople. Poland did not recognize the annexation of Georgia and kept close relations with the Georgian political and military authorities in exile. Moreover, in autumn 1921 Marshal Pilsudski’s military attaché in Constantinople, Colonel Babicki, addressed an offer to the chief of the Georgian military headquarters, General Alexander Zakariadze, that Poland was willing to accept Georgian officers in the Polish army. Georgian officers – six generals among them – came to Poland and it was to become their second motherland. According to historical data, they quickly grasped the specifics of the Polish military, perfected their Polish and established close relations with their Polish colleagues. “Although Germany announced free passage from Poland for any foreigners, none of the Georgian officer left the country in September 1939, when the fascist army invaded Polish lands. They heroically battled against the fascist occupants as well as Stalin’s Soviet army,” stressed Jerzy Lubach. Some Georgian officers held high military positions in the Polish army. Colonel Valerian Tevzadze led the northern defense of Warsaw. He later was awarded with the Silver Cross for Military Valor. After the Red Army took over Poland, Valerian Tevzadze joined the Polish underground against the communists until his death 1987. “Many Poles knew about Tevzadze who was just a ‘tidbit’ for both Soviet and Polish KGB, but no one gave him in,” underlined the film director in his talk with Georgia Today. As we learned, the current defense minister of Georgia, David Tevzadze, is a close descendent of Valerian Tevzadze. The minister pledged support to the film crew. “There are many other figures from the ranks of Georgian officers who gained fame in the battle for Poland,” Jerzy Lubach narrated. Major Artemi Aronishidze led the 360th infantry battalion in the defense of Warsaw. “He did not retreat until the surrender of the capital to the fascists.” Aronishidze was soon captured by the Germans, and later handed over to the Soviet KGB. Overall amnesty saved him from capital punishment. The major, who was also awarded the Silver Cross, died at 58, in 1950. Giorgi Tumanishvili was born in Poland, to a family of a Georgian officer in exile. In his youth he joined the Polish army in 1939 and had time for taking part in a number of Polish military campaigns against the fascists. Having gained the rank of captain, he was twice awarded with the Silver Cross for Military Valor. Dimitri Shalikashvili gained the rank of major in Poland. After the fall of Warsaw he escaped to America where his sons managed to reach the highest military positions. John Malkhaz Shalikashvili, the eldest son, was the chief of the united military headquarters of the U.S. for years in the early 90s. The younger brother is now taking active part in the Train and Equip Program conducted by the U.S. government in Georgia. “But, such success stories are very rare. A number of Georgian officers fighting in the Polish army died in Gestapo dungeons or Soviet camps,” the film director sighed. Thus, it is obvious that Jerzy Lubach has got a lot to say about the history of the military fraternity between the two nations. Tamara Dularidze, a lecturer at a Moscow cinematography institute and friend of the Polish director is working along with him. Dularidze and Lubach have a good experience in working together on Georgian-Polish history. The film “Seeking the White Angel”, about Grigol Peradze, a Georgian priest and scientist working in Poland, having been killed by the fascists for treating Polish Jews, deserved a high honor. The documentary about Georgian officers in Poland is to be shot in Georgia, Poland, Great Britain and Russia. The Georgian film studio Grifon Film Productions, under Irakli Metreveli, expressed its willingness to work in partnership with Jerzy Lubach on the film. “I hope to invite John Malkhaz Shalikashvili to work in Warsaw as well,” Jerzy Lubach told Georgia Today. The director is going to re-scrutinize the archive of the first Georgian republic of 1918-1921, which should provide a great deal of material for the film.
Georgian emigration in Poland
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The documented ties between Georgia and Poland reach back to the XV century, when the Georgian (Kartlian) King Konstantin sent a diplomatic mission to the Polish King Alexander Jagellon. Later, Polish King Jan III Sobiesky tried to establish contacts with Georgia. Many Georgians participated in military campaigns led by Poland in XVII century. Bohdan Grudziecki, a Georgian, was the greatest authority on all things Persian working in the Polish king’s diplomatic service, made frequent diplomatic trips to Persia, on which he obtained, among other things, guarantees upholding earlier privileges for missionaries. Already during the rule of King Jan Kazimierz was he sent on missions to Isfahan, and King Jan III Sobieski availed himself of Gurdziecki’s talents in like manner (in 1668, 1671, 1676-1678, in 1682-1684, and in 1687). Gurdziecki remained at the court of the shah for several years in the capacity of special resident and representative of the Polish king; it was him who delivered to the shah Suleiman news about the victory of the Christian forces at Vienna (1683).
Several Georgian politicians, intellectuals and military officers left Georgia for Poland after the Soviet armies invaded the Democratic Republic of Georgia (DRG) in February 1921, taking over the government and establishing the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic in the same March. Although not very numerous and consisting of a few hundred members, the Georgian community of Poland was very active politically and culturally. The best remembered are, however, the Georgian military personnel who served in the Polish ranks from the early 1920s until the end of the World War II.

[edit] Georgian Prometheism
Active diplomatic contacts developed between the short-lived DRG and Poland was part of Józef Piłsudski’s well-known political concept known as Prometheism. Its aim was to greatly reduce the power of Tsarist Russia and subsequently, the Soviet Union, by supporting nationalist independence movements of the major non-Russian peoples that lived within the borders of Russia or the Soviet Union.

Polish and Georgian officers serving in the Polish Army, 1925
The Georgian Promethean groups were one of the most active within the movement. This was not overlooked by the Bolsheviks, who in 1930 organized the assassination of Noe Ramishvili, a prominent Georgian political leader and a major promoter of Prometheism.
The 1932 Polish-Soviet mutual nonaggression pact precipitated the downfall of the Promethean movement though the Georgians continued their activities in various cultural and social organizations. The most important was the Committee of Georgia founded as early as 1921 by several Georgian intellectuals led by Sergo Qurulashvili. They had close contacts with the centers of Georgian political emigration across Europe, primarily in Paris. The Committee organized various meetings and social activities and provided material support for the Georgian émigrés. It also published its own publications, ProGeorgia (1922), and Propartia (1923). From 1923 to 1924, Qurulashvili also directed the journal Schlos Wschodu pertaining to the Georgian problems. The Georgians organized also the Union of Georgian Students and the Polish-Georgian Society led by Prince Pavle Tumanishvili. The activities of these organizations were limited, however, due to financial difficulties.

[edit] Georgians in the Polish military service

Major Giorgi Mamaladze, later murdered in the 1940 Katyn massacre
Immediately after the fall of the DRG, Noe Zhordania, the head of the Georgian government-in-exile, addressed the friendly nations, particularly France, Greece and Poland, to help in maintaining the professional military cadres. The government of Poland promptly responded, and from 1922 to 1924, hundreds of Georgian Junkers and officers, recommended by Zhordania’s government, were accepted in the Polish military schools. Several professional officers of the former DRG attended military training courses at the Polish army centers. Although not obligated to to so, virtually all of them were subsequently Enrolled in the Polish army as contract officers. In the Subsequent decade, the total number of Georgian military servicemen Reached 1,000. At the outbreak
of the World War II, most of the Georgian officers took part in the 1939 Defensive War, and Several of Their Own Them commanded Regiments Composed of Polish soldiers. The most notable officers were: Zakaria Bakradze
, General Division, deputy commander of Polish 15th Infantry Division.
Aleksandre Chkheidze, Brigadier General, deputy commander of Polish 16th Infantry Division. Ivan
Kazbegi, Brigadier General.
Aleksandre Koniashvili, Brigadier General.
Kiril Kutateladze, Brigadier General.
Aleksandre Zakariadze, Brigadier General. Viktor
Lomidze, the commander of ORP Griffin.
Tumanishvili Giorgi, captain of the navy, who was Awarded Military Virtue. Valerian
Tevzadze, Lieutenant Colonel, the commander of the northern sector of the Polish Defences During the siege of Warsaw. Mikheil
Kvaliashvili, major, the commander of a cavalry battalion Uhlans Within the 15th Regiment.
Several Georgian officers were captured by the Soviet forces During the 1939 campaign. General Chkheidze, Mamaladze Major, Captain and Captain Skhirtladze Rusiashvili Were Killed During the infamous Katyn Massacre, from 1940 to 1941. Many others spent Several years in the Gulag camps.

St. Grigol Peradze
During the occupation of Poland, the Germans reorganized the Warsaw-based Committee of Georgia and placed it under their tight control. The occupation administration encouraged the Georgian soldiers in the Polish service to join the Georgian Legion of the Wehrmacht. Some of them responded to the Nazi request, but subsequently joined the Polish resistance movement. The notable Georgian Orthodox priest and Professor Grigol Peradze of Warsaw University ended his life in the Auschwitz concentration camp (1942), when he deliberately entered a gas-chamber instead of a Jewish prisoner who had a large family.
John Malchase David Shalikashvili, general of the United States Army who served as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from 1993 to 1997, was born in Warsaw, Poland WHERE Also his father served in the army.
After the war, most Georgians Either left for Western Europe or were deported to the Soviet camps though some of them (eg, General V. Tevzadze) remained in the Polish anti-Communist underground for Several Decades.
Tribute to Polish President Lech Kaczynski